Materials © for/by Peter L.
Patrick.
May contain copyright material used for educational purposes. Please respect
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A Bibliography of works on
African American English
by Peter L. Patrick,
Univ.of Essex
This
bibliography was first developed for a graduate seminar I
taught in fall 1997 at
Note to Students
doing Research Papers:
Many people
write me with questions about African American English; when I have time away
from my own students, I try to respond. But it’s unlikely that I will tell you
more about the works listed here -- your best bet is to read them yourself.
After all, that’s why I developed this page! My answer, almost every time, is
to point you back to the works listed below. Also, I do not have recordings,
transcripts and texts that I can send you – or rather, what I do have you will
find online off of my homepage. That said, I am happy to try to answer good
questions, or refer you to my colleagues who can do a better job.
What’s Here and What’s
Not
There is no
end to bibliographies, so I have not tried to include everything I know about.
The emphasis here is on scholarly works, with a (socio)linguistic orientation;
popular works, or works from other disciplines, may appear if I know about them,
and if I think they’re well done & relevant.
Works included here all focus directly on AAE, with very few
exceptions (eg,
There’s a separate, growing list (>50 entries) of references to British Black English (also known as British Afro-Caribbean English, British Creole, and
other names) -- a variety of
English genetically more closely related to
I have recently added a separate mini-bibliography (>50) of works on Attitudes to African American English –
all of them are in this main list too, but on the mini-bib I have included many
abstracts.
A number of works named below can also be accessed online at ERIC,
the indispensable
Where author name and publication year appear highlighted in green at the end of an entry, clicking on it will bring up
a summary of the work or part thereof. Works followed by [brief]
are already 1-3 page summary items. For more info see Summaries; for more bibliographies see below.
Co-authored work is alphabetized under the second author's family name
(e.g., Wolfram & Beckett 2000 comes before Wolfram, Thomas & Green
2000). Beyond that, they are arranged by date (e.g., Wolfram, Thomas &
Green 2000 comes before Wolfram & Thomas 2002).
A B C D E F G H J K L M N O P R S T V W Y Z
Abrahams, Roger D. 1962. Playing the dozens.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1970. Deep down in the jungle.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1970. Rapping
and capping: Black talk as an art.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1974.
Black talking on the streets. In Explorations
in the ethnography of speaking, eds. Richard Bauman and
Abrahams, Roger D. 1975. Negotiating
respect: Patterns of presentation among Black women. In Women and Folklore,
ed. Claire Farrer.
Abrahams, Roger D. 1976. Talking Black.
Adger, Carolyn. 1986. When difference does not conflict: Successful
arguments between Black and Vietnamese classmates. Text 6(2): 223-237.
Adger, Carolyn, et al. 1993. Confronting dialect minority issues
in special education: Reactive and proactive perspectives.
Adger, Carolyn Temple, Donna Christian, and Orlando
Aggarwal, Kailash S. 1998. Exploring American
ideologies of language. CIEFL Bulletin (New series) 9(2): 1-22. [Aggarwal 1998]
Akinnaso, F. Niyi, & Cheryl Seabrook Ajirotutu. 1982. Performance
and ethnic style in job interviews. In
Alim, H. Samy. 2002. Street-conscious
copula variation in the Hip-Hop Nation. American
Speech 77(3): 288-304.
Alim, H. Samy. 2004. You know my
steez: An ethnographic and sociolinguistic study of styleshifting in a Black
American speech community. Publication of the American Dialect
Society (PADS 89).
Alim, H. Samy. 2006. Roc the mic
right: The language of hip
hop culture. Routledge.
Allen, Harold B. and Gary N. Underwood, eds. 1971.
Alleyne, Mervyn C. 1980. Comparative Afro-American: An
historical-comparative study of English-based Afro-American dialects of the
Anderson, Bridget L. 2002. Dialect leveling and /ai/ monophthongization
among African American Detroiters.
Anderson, Carolyn, Marlene Fine, and Fern
Anshen, Frank. 1969. Speech variation among Negroes in a small
Southern community. Ph.D. dissertation.
Ash,
Bailey, Benjamin. 1997. Communication of respect in interethnic service
encounters.
Bailey, Benjamin. 2000.
Bailey, Beryl L. 1965. Toward a new perspective on American Negro
dialectology. American Speech 11:171-77.
Bailey, Guy. 1987. Are Black and White vernaculars diverging? Papers
from the NWAV-XIV panel discussion. American Speech 62 (1):32-40.
Bailey, Guy. 1990. The idea of Black
English. SECOL Review 14 (Spring 1990): 1-24.
Bailey, Guy. 1993. A perspective on
African-American English. In American Dialect Research, ed. Dennis
Preston.
Bailey, Guy. 1996. Review of R. Butters (1989), The death of Black
English. American Speech 71(1): 98-102.
Bailey, Guy. 1997. When did Southern American English begin? In Edgar W.
Schneider, ed., Englishes Around the World. Vol. 1: General Studies,
Bailey, Guy, co-editor with
Bailey, Guy. 2001. The relationship between African American Vernacular
English and White vernaculars in the American South: A sociocultural history
and some phonological evidence. In Lanehart, Sonja L (ed), Sociocultural and
historical contexts of African American English.
Bailey, Guy, and Marvin Bassett.
1986. Invariant be in the Lower South. In Montgomery, Michael B. & Guy
Bailey, eds.
Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor.
1985a. The present tense of be in Southern Black folk speech. American
Speech 60: 195-213.
Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. 1987. Decreolization?
Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor. 1987. The verbal -s inflection
in Earlier Black English. Southeastern Conference on Linguistics.
Bailey, Guy, and Natalie Maynor.
1989. The divergence controversy. American Speech 64: 12-39. [Bailey & Maynor 1989]
Bailey, Guy, Natalie Maynor, and Patricia Cukor-Avila, eds. 1991. The
emergence of Black English: Texts and commentary.
Bailey, Guy, and Cynthia Schnebly.
1988. Auxiliary deletion in the Black English vernacular.
Bailey, Guy, and Erik Thomas.
1998. Some aspects of African-American vernacular English phonology. In
Mufwene, Rickford, Bailey & Baugh, eds., African American English:
Structure, history and use: 85-109.
Bailey, Richard W. 1983. Education and the law: The King case in
Baird, Scott
Ball, Arnetha
F. 1991. Organizational patterns in the oral and written expository language of
african-American adolescents: Choice vs. ability. Paper presented to the annual
meeting of the American Educational Research Association,
Ball, Arnetha F., and Lardner, Ted. 1997. Dispositions toward
language: Teacher constructs of knowledge and the Ann Arbor Black English case.
College Composition and Communication 48(4): 469-485. [Ball &
Lardner 1997]
Baran,
Baratz,
Baratz,
Baratz,
Barnes, Sandra L. 1998. Ebonics and public awareness: Who knows? Who
cares?
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Cf. Purnell, Idsardi & Baugh 1999, below
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Baugh,
Beckford Wassink, Alicia &
Anne Curzan. 2004. Addressing ideologies around African American
English.
Bender, Emily. 2000. Syntactic variation and linguistic competence: The
case of AAVE copula absence. PhD diss.,
Bereiter, Carl, & Siegfired Engelmann.
1966. Teaching disadvantaged children in the pre-school. Engelwood
Cliffs N
Bernstein, Cynthia. 1991. Appendix. Two letters written by former slaves
(transcribed). In Bailey et al. 1991:327-329. [brief]
Bernstein, Cynthia, Thomas Nunnally &
Berthele, Raphael. 2000. Translating African American Vernacular English
into German: The problem of ‘
Bins, Carolyn Fitchett. 1972. Toward an ethnography of contemporary
African American oral poetry. In William K Riley & David M Smith, eds.,
Blake, Renée. 1997. Defining the envelope of linguistic variation: The
case of ‘don’t-count’ forms in the copula analysis of African American
Vernacular English.
Blake, Renée, & Cecilia Cutler. 2003. AAE and variation in teachers’
attitudes: A question of school philosophy? Linguistics and Education 14(2): 163-194. [Blake &
Cutler 2003]
Botan, Carl & Geneva Smitherman. 1991. Black English in the
integrated workplace.
Botkin, Bruce A., ed. 1989 [1945]. Lay my burden down: A folk history
of slavery. NY: Delta Books. [Botkin 1989] [A
source of spoken texts and perspectives rather than analyses of language]
Bouchard-Ryan, Ellen. 1969. A psycholinguistic
attitude study. Studies in
Bowie, R. L, and C. L. Bond. 1994.
Influencing teachers’ attitudes towards Black English: Are we making a
difference?
Brewer,
Brewer,
Brewer,
Brewer,
Brooks, Charlotte K., ed. 1985. Tapping Potential: English and
Brown, H. Rap. 1972. Street talk. In T. Kochman, ed., 205-207. [brief]
Bucholtz, Mary. 1995. From mulatta to mestiza: Passing and
the linguistic reshaping of ethnic identity. Kira Hall & Mary Bucholtz,
eds., Gender articulated:
Bucholtz, Mary. 1996. Marking black: The construction of white
identities through African American Vernacular English. Paper presented to
Georgetown Linguistic Society,
Bucholtz, Mary. 1996. Fluency and fluidity in white teenagers’ use of
African American Vernacular English. Paper presented to American
Anthropological Association meeting, November 1996.
Bucholtz, Mary. 1997. Borrowed Blackness: African American Vernacular
English and European American youth identities. Ph.D. dissertation.
Bucholtz, Mary. 1999. ‘You da man’: Narrating the racial other in the
production of white masculinity.
Buck,
Burling, Robbins. 1973. English in Black and White.
Burnett,
Butters, Ronald R. 1973. Black
English {-Z}: Some theoretical implications. American Speech 48: 37-45.
Butters, Ronald R. 1984. When is English ‘Black English Vernacular’?
Butters, Ronald R. 1986. Linguistic convergence in a
Butters, Ronald R. 1989. The
death of Black English: Divergence and convergence in Black and White
vernaculars. Bamberger Beiträge zur englischen Sprachswissenschaft 25.
Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
Butters, Ronald R. 2000. ‘What is about to take place is a murder’:
Construing the racist subtext in a small-town
Butters, Ronald R., and Ruth M. Nix.
1986. The English of Blacks in
Cassidy, Frederic Gomes. 1980. The place of Gullah. American Speech 55: 3-16.
Cecil, N.L. 1988. Black dialect and academic success: A study of teacher
expectations. Reading Improvement: 34-38, 25. [Cecil 1988]
Chambers,
Chun, Elaine. 2001. The construction of
White, Black, and Korean American identities through African American
Vernacular English.
Cole, Patricia A. & Orlando L. Taylor. 1990. Performance of working
class African American children on three tests of articulation.
Cooley, Marianne. 1997. An early representation of African-American
English. In C Bernstein, T Nunnally & R Sabino, eds.,
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 1988. Determining change in progress vs. stable
variation in two studies of
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 1995. The evolution of AAVE in a rural
Cukor-Avila, Patricia and Guy Bailey.
1996. The spread of urban AAVE: A case study. In
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 1999. Stativity and copula absence in
Cukor-Avila, Patricia and Guy Bailey. 2001. The effects of the race of
the interviewer on sociolinguistic fieldwork.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2001. Co-existing grammars: The relationship
between the evolution of African American and Southern White Vernacular English
in the South. In Lanehart, Sonja L (ed), Sociocultural and historical
contexts of African American English.
Cukor-Avila, Patricia. 2003. The complex
grammatical history of African-American and white vernaculars in the South. In Stephen
Cunningham, Irma A.E. 1970. A syntactic
analysis of Sea island Creole (“Gullah”). PhD dissertation, University of
Michigan. [Published 1992 as PADS 75: Publications of the American Dialect
Society 75. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.]
Cutler, Cecilia A. 1999. Yorkville Crossing: White teens, hip hop, and
African American English.
Dalby, David. 1971. Black through White: Patterns of communication in
Dalby, David. 1972. The African element in American English. In Rappin' and Stylin' Out: Communication in Urban Black
Dalgish, Gerald M. 1972. A dictionary
of Africanisms: Contributions of Sub-Saharan
Dance,
Daryl Cumber.
1978. Shuckin' and jivin': Folklore from contemporary Black
Americans.
Dandy, Evelyn B. 1991. Black
Communications: Breaking down the barriers.
Dannenberg, Clare, and Walt Wolfram.
1998. Ethnic identity and grammatical restructuring: Be(s) in Lumbee
English. American Speech 73(2): 139-159.
Davis, Lawrence M. and Xiozhao Huang. 1995. Syntactic features of Muncie
African-American English: Eight case studies.
Davis, Stuart. 2003. “Is this Negroish or
Irish?” African American English, the antebellum writings of Francis Lieber,
and the origins controversy. American Speech 78(3): 285-306.
DeBose, Charles E. 1992. Codeswitching: Black English and Standard
English in the African American linguistic repertoire.
Debose, Charles, and
Debose, Charles. 2005. The sociology of African American language: A language
planning perspective. Palgrave.
D’Eloia, Sarah G. 1973. Issues in the analysis of Negro non-standard
English: A review of
Delpit, Lisa. 1998. Ebonics and culturally responsive instruction. In
Theresa Perry and Lisa Delpit, eds., The real Ebonics debate: Power,
language, and the education of African-American children.
Denning, Keith. 1989.
Convergence with divergence: A sound change in Vernacular Black English.
Deser, Toni. 1990. Dialect transmission and variation: An acoustic
analysis of vowels in six urban
DeStefano,
Di Giulio, R.C. 1973. Measuring teacher attitudes toward Black English:
A pilot project. The
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dillard,
Dollard,
Dorrill, George T. 1982. Black and white speech in the South:
Evidence from the Linguistic Atlas of the Middle and
Dorrill, George T. 1986. A comparison of stressed vowels of black and
white speakers in the South. In M. Montgomery & G. Bailey, eds.,
Dubois, Sylvie, & Megan
Melançon. 2000. “Creole is, Creole ain’t”: Diachronic and synchronic attitudes toward
Creole identity in
Dubois, Sylvie & Barbara M. Horvath. 2003.
Creoles and Cajuns: A portrait in black and white. American Speech 78(2): 192-207.
Dundes, Alan, comp. 1973 [1981]. Mother wit from the laughing barrel:
Dunn, Ernest F. 1976. Black-Southern white dialect controversy. In D.
Harrison & T. Trabasso, eds., 105-122.
Edwards, Walter F. and Donald Winford, eds. 1991. Verb phrase
patterns in Black English and Creole.
Edwards, Walter F. 1979. Speech acts in
Edwards, Walter F. 1980. Varieties of
English in
Edwards, Walter F. 1981. Two Varieties of English in
Edwards, Walter F. 1985. Inner-city English. In Charlotte K. Brooks,
ed., Tapping potential: English and language arts for the Black learner,
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Edwards, Walter F. 1991. A comparative description of Guyanese Creole
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& don Winford, eds., Verb phrase patterns in Black English and Creole,
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Edwards, Walter F. 1992. Sociolinguistic behavior in a
Edwards, Walter
F. 1998. Sociolinguistic features of Rap
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Erickson,
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Escott, Paul. 1991. Speaking of slavery:
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Ewers, Traute. 1996. The
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Fasold, Ralph W. 1969. Tense and the form be in Black English.
Fasold, Ralph W. 1972. Tense marking in Black English.
Fasold, Ralph W. 1972. Decreolization and
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Fasold, Ralph W. 1990. Contraction and deletion in Vernacular black
English: Creole history and relationship to Euro-American English. Unpublished
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Fasold, Ralph W. and Roger W. Shuy, eds. Teaching Standard English in
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Carolyn Anderson, and Gary Eckles. 1979. Black English on Black situation
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Fine, Marlene, and Carolyn Anderson. 1980. Dialectical features of Black
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Folb, Edith. 1972. Black Vernacular
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Folb, Edith. 1980. Runnin' down some lines. The language and culture
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Fordham, Signithia. 1988. Racelessness as a factor in black students’
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Fordham, Signithia. 1993. ‘Those loud black girls’: (Black) women,
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Fordham, Signithia. 1996. Blacked out: Dilemmas of race, identity,
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Foster, Michele. 1995. Talking that talk: The language of control,
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Summaries of a few readings here
African American English homepage
British Afro-Caribbean English bibliography
Attitudes to African American English bibliography
Rickford, Sweetland & Rickford
AAE/Education bibliography
Count: 636/722
last
revised 09 September 2009